Historical development of Japanese Buddhist Architectures

日本佛教建筑的历史发展

Japanese Buddhist Architecture mainly includes the architectureof Buddhist temples which was influenced by the architectural styles from China. Earlier, the attempts were to make the Buddhist architecture as original as it was looked in China but gradually thebuildings were localized due to the problems posed by local weather and Japanese tastes.

日本佛教建筑主要包括佛教寺院建筑，佛教寺院建筑受中国建筑风格的影响。早期的日本佛教建筑和中国的看起来一样，但逐渐地，由于受当地的天气和日本人的口味的影响，建筑被本地化。

The development of Japanese Buddhist Architectures can be broadly divided into the following periods

日本佛教建筑的发展大致可分为以下几个时期

Asukaand Nara Periods

飞鸟和奈良时代

The Buddhism and the Buddhist architecture were literally imported from China via Korea in the 6th century. As the Buddhism was introduced in Japan, the Buddhist temples were started to build in the country but due to the hostile behavior of supporter of the local kami, the buildings were no longer stand by itself and there are no written records of the architectural styles of that period.

佛教和佛教建筑是在公元6世纪从中国经朝鲜传入的。随着佛教传入日本，日本开始兴建佛教寺院，但由于本土神灵支持者的敌视行为，寺院不能独立存在，当时的建筑风格也没有文字记载。

But later the Buddhism got its support from the Prince Shotoku. He ordered the construction of Buddhist temple, Shitennoji in Osaka(593) and Horyu-ji near hispalace in Ikaruga (603). During this period, the temple layout was strictly prescribed and followed. This act helped to maintain the architectural style uniform. In this period the main gate was constructed facing south and the most sacred area surrounded by a semi-enclosed roofed corridor accessible through a middle gate. The temple complex also contains themain hall with Buddha statue, and pagoda which houses sacred objects. The other structures include a lecturehall, a belfry, a sutra repository, priests and monks quarters and bathhouse.

后来佛教得到了圣德太子的支持。他下令修建佛寺，大阪四天王寺（593年），斑鸠町的法隆寺（603年）。这一时期，寺院布局有严格的规定和遵循。这一行为有助于保持建筑风格的统一。在这一时期，正门是朝南建造的，最神圣的区域被一个半封闭的屋顶走廊包围着，可以通过一个中门进入。寺院建筑群还包括有佛像的大殿和藏有圣物的宝塔。其他建筑包括讲堂，钟楼，藏经楼，僧侣宿舍和澡堂。

Nara Period observed quite different architectural development. The temple structures, such as pagodas and main halls, had increased significantly insize. The placement of the pagoda moved to a more peripheral location and the roof bracketing system increased in complexity as roofs grew larger andheavier.

奈良时期则有截然不同的建筑发展。寺院的一些建筑，如佛塔和大殿，在规模上有了显著的增加。佛塔的位置移到了一个更外围的位置，屋顶也越来越大，越来越重，屋顶支架系统的复杂性也随之增加。

In the 8th century, Kami worship and Buddhism was reconciled and thus shrine-temples were founded to support both groups. This coexistence of Buddhism and Kami worship continued until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Order of 1868.

在8世纪，本土神明崇拜者和佛教崇拜者之间的矛盾被调和，因此建立了神殿来共同供奉。这种佛教与本土神明崇拜的共存一直持续到1868年的《神仏判然令》

Heian period 

平安时代

In this period, Buddhism was more localized with addition Japanese elements, localbeliefs. With this localization Fujiwarano Michinaga and retired Emperor Shirakawa erected new temples and hence developed Jodo-Kyo architecture and the new Wayo architectural style.

在这一时期，佛教更加本土化，加入了日本元素，本土信仰。随着这种本土化，藤原道长和退位后的白河天皇建立了新的寺庙，从而发展了净土宗建筑和新和様建筑风格。

In the early period, Rokushu architectonic traditions were also observed. This style of architecture was developed only in the plains but in mountainous areas, it was an originalstyle. The architectural style was characterized by the simplicity which uses local resources like natural timber.

在早期时期，六宗建筑传统也得到了遵守。这种建筑风格只在平原地区发展起来。但在山区，它是一种原始风格，特点是简单——使用当地资源，如天然木材。

Thearchitecture includes a main hall which is generally divided into two parts; anouter area for novices and an inner area for initiates. The roof is a hip andgable which covers both the areas. The floor is little raised which is made upof wood.

建筑包括大殿，大殿一般分为两部分；外部区域供新信徒使用，内部区域供同修使用。屋顶是斜屋顶和山形屋顶，覆盖了这两个区域。地板很少升高，材质是木头。

Kamakura and Muromachi periods 

镰仓室町时期

In Kamakura period, Daibutsu style and the Zenstyle of architectural design emerged. The first style represents the antithesis of the simple and traditional Wayo style while the Zen style characterized as earthen floors, subtly curved pent roofs, cusped windows, and paneled doors.

镰仓时代，出现了大仏様风格和禅宗风格的建筑设计。第一种风格代表了简单而传统的和様风格的对立面，而禅宗风格的特征是土质地板，巧妙弯曲的屋顶，尖角窗户和镶板门。

In Muromachi periods, the above-mentioned style of architecture was often combined to form the new style of architecture, Eclectic style ofarchitecture.

在室町时代，上述建筑风格经常被结合起来，形成新的建筑风格，折衷主义的建筑风格。

Othernotable periods in the history of the development of Japanese Buddhist architecture were Azuchi-Momoyama and Eddoperiods, and Meiji period. In these periods the Buddhist architectures were also developed accordingly focusing on the local beliefs anduse of local resources.

日本佛教建筑发展史上其他值得注意的时期是安土桃山时代和江户时期，以及明治时期。在这些时期，佛教建筑也得到相应地发展，着重于当地的信仰和对当地资源的利用。

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